Peter Benenson's letter writing to dictators formed the foundations of Amnesty Related stories
To understand Amnesty International at all, you need to think of this: an ordinary citizen sits in an ordinary home, writing an extraordinary letter on behalf of somebody they don't know, to a dictator who doesn't care.
The letter says: "We know you have imprisoned X. We know they are illegally detained. Be warned. We will go on writing until you have freed them."
The absurd act of faith that writing letters about prisoners of conscience might have an effect on the most hardened of dictators was first made by one man 50 years ago - the British lawyer, Peter Benenson.
He was so incensed at the imprisonment of two Portuguese students for a trivial insult to a dictator, that it stirred him to set up an international campaign on behalf of all political prisoners.
Incredibly, it caught on.
Political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, were acutely of their time in the 1960s, in a world thick with dictatorship and totalitarianism - fascist dictatorships in Spain, Portugal and much of Latin America, despots aplenty in Africa, communism from East Germany through the Soviet Union to China. The letters started to flow in all directions, as well as the evidence of their impact.
Within three years of its foundation, Amnesty members had "adopted" 770 prisoners and no fewer than 140 were released.
By 1970, Amnesty could claim 2,000 prisoners released, membership in the tens of thousands and acceptance by the international community.
It was Amnesty's three-year campaign against torture that led to the unanimous UN adoption of the Declaration against Torture in 1975.
Moving forward
Stephen Hopgood, the author of Keepers of the Flame - Understanding Amnesty sets out his vision of the future for Amnesty under new Secretary General, Shalil Shetty.
"He is a continuation of the reforming trend, so he is a Secretary General that will want to take Amnesty even more into social, economic and cultural rights.
"The individual casework focus may be kept less on those core traditional issues of prisoners of conscience and torture. The international human rights movement is so broad now and so much focused on issues of poverty, social exclusion etc, that I would expect to see more of that work.
"He has also been brought in undoubtedly to try to realise the great dream of Amnesty, which is a truly global membership.
"Throughout 50 years, it singularly failed to establish any serious membership outside western, northern, southern Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
"Mr Shetty is an Indian Secretary General. One of his main goals will be to try to decentralise Amnesty.
"It has long been a dream to move it away from London. Peter Benenson the founder, when he left, wanted it moved."
And the awards kept pouring in, such as the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977. As Amnesty's profile grew, so did its ambitions.
In 1985, it took on the plight of refugees, in 1989 the death penalty. By 1996 Amnesty was campaigning for a permanent International Criminal Court.
Amnesty's own rhetoric grew - by 2001 it spoke of pursuing the "full spectrum of human rights", including economic, social and cultural rights. By 2009, it decided to campaign against "poverty, insecurity and exclusion".
But Amnesty's very success has brought problems with it that surround the organisation on its 50th anniversary.
To campaign for prisoners of conscience is one thing, very tangible. To enlarge the campaign to concern itself with "prisoners of poverty" makes it so large and all-embracing as to be virtually meaningless.
Has it become a body more concerned with feeling good rather than doing good? Has it fallen foul of "mission creep"?
The broader remit is both a good and a bad thing, according to documentary film maker, Roger Graef, whose promotional fundraising work helped make Amnesty a household name.
He welcomes Amnesty's involvement in more causes but also has worries.
"I don't think the image you convey with the brand of Amnesty is anything like as clear as it was for the people who are behind bars for speaking out against oppression.
"The proposition was so clear and irresistible for anybody who had a conscience that even the dictators were moved by the letters."
The controversies have multiplied in recent years, particularly the way it campaigned against Guantanamo Bay, highlighting the rendition of detainees and their treatment in Guantanamo Bay.
When Amnesty UK began using the released Guantanamo detainee, Moazzam Begg as more than a victim of ill treatment, rather a representative of human rights, it provoked a full-scale row.
Gita Saghal, Amnesty's long standing head of gender, protested publicly and left the organisation.
Amnesty UK faced criticism over its relationship with Guantanamo detainee Moazzam Begg She charged that Amnesty was soft towards non-state organisations, however violent they might be; and that with Moazzam Begg, it failed to follow its own advice on "making the distinction between supporting what he went through in Guantanamo and treating him as a human rights advocate".
More problematically, in a letter responding to supporters of Ms Saghal, Amnesty UK used the phrase "defensive jihad" as if the organisation itself condoned any violence that might be committed under its terms. Even supporters of Amnesty think the phrase was incautiously used.
Throughout this time, Amnesty UK has played a straight bat, explaining that a full internal inquiry revealed nothing that required significant change in the way it behaved or presented itself.
"Amnesty has been a tremendous defender of victims of state abuses where there have been few such about," says human rights lawyer, Conor Gearty. He argues that is what Amnesty should do because that is where it is most needed. Other bodies will inevitably come under scrutiny
"What is very dangerous," he says, "is if Amnesty or any other human rights organisation allows itself to be persuaded that it needs to police the actions of third parties on an equal level."
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